How Islamic Inventors Changed the World
Of coffee, the controls and the three-course meal, the Muslim world to us many innovations that we hold in the West take for granted. Here are 20 of their most influential innovations:
(1) The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tended his goats in the Kaffa region in southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became more animated after eating a certain berry.
He boiled the berries to the first Coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it, stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th Century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it is on his way to Venice in 1645.
It was introduced in England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London. The Arabic "qahwa" became the Turkish "kahve", then the Italian Caffè "and then English" coffee ".
(2) The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, the to see us on. The first person to recognize that light enters the eye, instead of leaving it, was the 10th Century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham.
He invented the first pinhole camera after taking note of the way light came through a hole in the shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and insert the first Camera Obscura (from the Arabic word "qamara" for a dark or private room).
He is also the first man of the physics from a philosophical Credited to an experimental activity.
(3) A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was in the form we know it today developed in Persia. From there spread westward to Europe – where in Spain from the Moors in 10th Century has been introduced – and eastward to Japan. The word "tower" comes from the Persian "Rukh," which means cars.
(4) A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and Engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas several attempts to build a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Great Mosque in Cordoba stiffened with a loose coat with wooden struts.
He hoped to glide like a bird. He did not. But the cloak slowed his fall, which is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only slight Injury.
In 875, aged 70, with a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he tried again, perfected a jump from a mountain. He flew to a significant Height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing – complete, correctly, that it was because he did not have his device a tail so when landing would stall. Baghdad International Airport and a crater on the moon named after him.
(5) Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they have the recipe for soap which we still use today perfected. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, like the Romans who used it more than Pomade.
But it was the Arabs, the vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil combined. One of the Crusaders' most striking characteristics, the Arab Nostrils, was that they do not wash.
Shampoo was opened in England by a Muslim who Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton by the sea in 1759 and was introduced to the shampooing surgeon to King George IV and William IV.
(6) Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was about the year 800 by Islam's leading scientists invented, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic procedures and equipment still in use today – liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidation, evaporation and filtration.
Explore and sulfuric and nitric acid he invented the alembic still, what the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and spirits (although drinking forbidden in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasized systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.
(7) The crankshaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to most of the machines in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of mankind, it was a brilliant engineer to set up Muslim named al-Jazari to water for irrigation increased.
His book of knowledge of sophisticated equipment (1206) shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, designed some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other Inventions was the combination lock.
(8) a method of quilting, sewing or tying two layers of fabric in between with a layer of insulating material. It is not clear whether It was invented in the Muslim world or whether it is imported there from India or China.
However, it is certainly in the West came over the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armor. And a form of protection, it proved to be an effective protection against the wear of the Crusaders Metal arms and an effective form of insulation – so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.
(9) The pointed arch so characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of Europe was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was much stronger than the rounded arch of the Romans and Norman used, so that the building larger, higher, more complex and grander buildings.
Other liabilities from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques. Europe's castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world – with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and Parapets. Square towers and keeps more easily defended round. The architect, Henry V, the castle was a Muslim.
(10) Many modern surgical instruments are exactly the same design as in the 10th Century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi developed. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised recognizable to a modern surgeon.
It was he who discovered that catgut for internal stitches dissolves naturally (A discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that they are also used to make medicine capsules.
In the 13th Century, another medic Muslim named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered. Muslim doctors also invented anesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed Needles cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today suck.
(11) The windmill was invented in 634 a Persian caliph and was used to grind grain and provides water for irrigation. In the deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind that constantly from one Direction blew months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.
(12) Technology the vaccine was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was developed in the Muslim world and to Europe from Turkey by the wife of British Ambassador in Istanbul 1724 brought. Children in Turkey vaccinated with cowpox to discover the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the battle west.
(13) The Fountain Pen was invented for the Sultan of Egypt 953, after having a pin which would not stain his hands or clothing required. He led ink in a reservoir, and how with modern pens, fed ink to the head by a combination of gravity and capillary action.
(14) The system of numbering in use all around the World is probably Indian origin, but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print about the work of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi 825.
Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi book Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah much of its contents still in use. The work of Muslim scholars of mathematics was in Europe 300 years later imported by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci.
Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi's discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.
(15) Ali ibn Nafi, from his nickname Ziryab (Blackbird) came from Iraq known to Cordoba in the 9th Century and brought the concept of the three-course meal – soup, fish, followed by or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (which had been invented after experiments with rock crystal by Abbas ibn Firnas).
(16) Carpets were regarded as part of Paradise by medieval Muslims, thanks to their advanced weaving techniques, new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and high sense of pattern and arabesque which were the basis for developing Islam non-representational art.
In contrast, in Europe much ground floors, not to say earthy, until Arabian and Persian were imported rugs. In England, as Erasmus recorded floors covered in rushes, occasionally renewed, but so imperfectly that the bottom layer is undisturbed, sometimes for 20 years, accommodation expectoration, vomiting, the leakage of dogs and men, ale droppings, remains of fish, and other abominations not fit to be mentioned. "Carpets, Not surprisingly jumped quickly to the train.
review (17) The modern comes from the Arabic "saqq," a written pledge for goods if they were provided to pay to avoid the money to be transported across dangerous terrain. In the 9th Century, a Muslim businessman China has a check drawn on his bank in Baghdad.
(18) 9 The Century took many Muslim scholars take it for granted that the Earth a ball was. The proof, said astronomer Ibn Hazm, "that the Sun is always vertical to a particular point on the earth." It was 500 years before this knowledge to Galileo arrived.
The calculations of Muslim astronomers so accurate that in the 9th Century they reckoned the Earth's circumference to 40 253.4km – less than 200 km. Al-Idrisi took a globe representing the world to the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139th
(19) Although the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, It was the Arabs who worked out that it could be using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders.
In 15. Century, they both had a rocket which they invented as a "self-moving and burning egg," and a torpedo – a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a Spear on the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then exploded.
(20) Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs who developed the idea of the garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal pleasure gardens in Europe were in the 11 Century Muslim Spain opened. Flowers, which originated in Muslim gardens include the carnation and the tulip. (Courtesy: The Independent)
About the Author
[My prayers and my rites, my living and my dying are for Allah alone the Creator & Sustainer of Heaven and Earth]
Nasir Pasha.
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