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Most automobiles in use today are propelled by gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel internal combustion engines, which are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming.[14] Increasing costs of oil-based fuels, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for automobiles. Efforts to improve or replace existing technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles, and electric and hydrogen vehicles which do not release pollution into the air.
Petroleum fuels
Main article: Petroleum fuel engine Diesel Main article: Diesel engine
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Diesel-engined cars have long been popular in Europe with the first models being introduced as early as 1922 [15] by Peugeot and the first production car, Mercedes-Benz 260 D in 1936 by Mercedes-Benz.
The main benefit of diesel engines is a 50% fuel burn efficiency compared with 27%[16] in the best gasoline engines. A down-side of the Diesel engine is that better filters are required to reduce the presence in the exhaust gases of fine soot particulates called diesel particulate matter. Manufacturers are now starting to fit[when?] diesel particulate filters to remove the soot. Many diesel-powered cars can run with little or no modifications on 100% biodiesel and combinations of other organic oils.
Gasoline
Main article: Petrol engine
2007 Mark II (BMW) Mini Cooper
Gasoline engines have the advantage over diesel in being lighter and able to work at higher rotational speeds and they are the usual choice for fitting in high-performance sports cars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over a hundred years has produced improvements in efficiency and reduced pollution. The carburetor was used on nearly all road car engines until the 1980s but it was long realised better control of the fuel/air mixture could be achieved with fuel injection. Indirect fuel injection was first used in aircraft engines from 1909, in racing car engines from the 1930s, and road cars from the late 1950s.[16] Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is now starting to appear in production vehicles such as the 2007 (Mark II) BMW Mini. Exhaust gases are also cleaned up by fitting a catalytic converter into the exhaust system. Clean air legislation in many of the car industries most important markets has made both catalysts and fuel injection virtually universal fittings. Most modern gasoline engines also are capable of running with up to 15% ethanol mixed into the gasoline – older vehicles may have seals and hoses that can be harmed by ethanol. With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. 100% ethanol is used in some parts of the world (such as Brazil), but vehicles must be started on pure gasoline and switched over to ethanol once the engine is running. Most gasoline engined cars can also run on LPG with the addition of an LPG tank for fuel storage and carburettor modifications to add an LPG mixer. LPG produces fewer toxic emissions and is a popular fuel for fork-lift trucks that have to operate inside buildings.
The hydrogen powered FCHV (Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle) was developed by Toyota in 2005
Biofuels
Main articles: Biofuel, Ethanol fuel, and biogasoline
Ethanol, other alcohol fuels (biobutanol) and biogasoline have widespread use an automotive fuel. Most alcohols have less energy per liter than gasoline and are usually blended with gasoline. Alcohols are used for a variety of reasons – to increase octane, to improve emissions, and as an alternative to petroleum based fuel, since they can be made from agricultural crops. Brazil’s ethanol program provides about 20% of the nation’s automotive fuel needs, as a result of the mandatory use of E25 blend of gasoline throughout the country, 3 million cars that operate on pure ethanol, and 6 million dual or flexible-fuel vehicles sold since 2003.[17] that run on any mix of ethanol and gasoline. The commercial success of “flex” vehicles, as they are popularly known, have allowed sugarcane based ethanol fuel to achieve a 50% market share of the gasoline market by April 2008.[18][19][20]
Electric
Main articles: Electric car, Hybrid vehicle, and Plug-in hybrid
The Henney Kilowatt, the first modern (transistor-controlled) electric car.
2007 Tesla electric powered Roadster
Tata/MDI OneCAT Air Car
A CNG powered high-floor Neoplan AN440A, run on Compressed Natural Gas
The first electric cars were built around 1832, well before internal combustion powered cars appeared.[21] For a period of time electrics were considered superior due to the silent nature of electric motors compared to the very loud noise of the gasoline engine. This advantage was removed with Hiram Percy Maxim’s invention of the muffler in 1897. Thereafter internal combustion powered cars had two critical advantages: 1) long range and 2) high specific energy (far lower weight of petrol fuel versus weight of batteries). The building of battery electric vehicles that could rival internal combustion models had to wait for the introduction of modern semiconductor controls and improved batteries. Because they can deliver a high torque at low revolutions electric cars do not require such a complex drive train and transmission as internal combustion powered cars. Some post-2000 electric car designs
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Weber 41455 20 Pound Tank Adapter Hose for Use with Weber Q and Go-Anywhere Gas Grill $23.00 Turn a portable gas grill into a standard barbecue that goes the distance with this convenient adapter hose. Perfect for grilling on the go, portables aren’t always the best way to go for all-night entertaining. They run on small propane cylinders that can be difficult to dispose of and last no more than a couple of hours. However, thanks to Weber you can have your portability and endurance too. W… |
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Red Dragon VT 2-23 C Weed Dragon 100,000-BTU Propane Vapor Torch Kit $47.89 Fully assembled and ready to go, the Flame Engineering 100,000 BTU Weed Dragon garden torch kit helps eliminate the risk of chemical residue and run-off, making your lawn and garden safe for your family and pets. Designed for home owners or landscapers who don’t need the power of a farm torch, this handy tool helps keep your lawn and garden weed free and reduces the need for mowing or chemical use… |
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Bayou Classic 10 psi Stainless Steel Braided Hose $30.00 So… your single – burner cooker has a “hosed-up” hose assembly? Replace it with this Bayou Classic Hose / Regulator / Valve Kit. Hose assembly toast? Replace it with this high-quality Kit from Bayou Classic. Includes 30″ high pressure hose, brass control valve and 10 p.s.i. regulator. Has 1/4″ male orifice connector. Designed for single burner cookers. High quality replacement parts from the exp… |
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Camco 57305 Olympian 5500 Stainless Steel Grill $169.00 The Camco 57305 Olympian RV 5500 Stainless Steel RV Grill is a unique, high-quality grill designed to be used while attached to your RV, or as a standalone outdoor grill with its included mounting bracket. It is constructed of stainless steel and is compatible with either standard or disposable propane cylinders via a low-pressure quick-connect propane outlet. Additional features include: minima… |
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